PREPOSITION IN, ON, AND AT

We use :
* at for a PRECISE TIME
* in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
* on for DAYS and DATES

at	in	on
PRECISE TIME	MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS	DAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clock	in May	on Sunday
at 10.30am	in summer	on Tuesdays
at noon	in the summer	on 6 March
at dinnertime	in 1990	on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime	in the 1990s	on Christmas Day
at sunrise	in the next century	on Independence Day
at sunset	in the Ice Age	on my birthday
at the moment	in the past/future	on New Year's Eve

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VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE

 

Attic	People store things in the attic.
Ballroom	A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room	A small room used for storage.
Cellar	Underneath the house.
Cloakroom	A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory	A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room	A room where people eat.
Drawing Room	A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room	A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall	The entrance passage to a house.
Larder	A small room used for the storage of food.
Library	A room where books are kept.
Lounge	Another name for living room.
Music Room	A room where people play music.
Office	A room where people work.
Pantry	A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour	Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room	Another name for living room.
Spare Room/ Guest Room	A room where guests sleep.
Toilet	A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room	A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.

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PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice
a passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action in the subject of a sentence . that's whoever or whatever is performing the action is not the grammatical subject of the sentence . take a look at this passive repharasing of a familiar joke.

example passive voice :
 
* tense : simple present
  active : we take a cake
  passive : a cake is taken by us

* tense : simple past

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ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEBERS OR NOT

Formal expressions:

* I wonder if you remember.....
* You remember...., don’t you?
* You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
* Don’t you remember.....?
* Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:
* Let me think, yes, I remember.
* I remember especially the scenery.
* I’ll never forget that
* I’ll always remember.

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OFFERING

The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.

Yessi : Would you like a cup of tea, Rolla ?

Rolla : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......

Yessi : thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Ways to say it :

 

* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Erwanto ?
* Should I get you a bottle of water ?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Rudy ?

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SIMPLE FUTURE

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

 

FORM Will

[will + verb]

 

Examples:

* You will help him later. 

* Will you help him later?

* You will not help him later.

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NOUN PHRASES

A noun phrase is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.

For example, ‘they’, ‘books’, and ‘the books’ are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)

Example 1:

Shaggy: Do you like books?

Bean : Yes, I like them.

Shaggy: Do you like books over there?

Bean : Yes, they are nice.

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FINITE VERBS

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.

Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases.

Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).

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NEWS ITEM

News item text is a factual text qhich inform reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarder as newsworth or important.

Generic Structure :

* Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form

* Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.

* Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.

Significant Grammar Features :

* Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline

* Generally using Simple Past Tense

* Use of Material Processes to retell the event

* Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.

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INTRODUCTORY IT

Introductory (it, there)

* A word when used in sentence, do not influence the sentence meaning because its meaning have been contained by other sentence element. Introductory it earn also function as word change the it serve the purpose of subject and also object.

* It accomodating with the word its change as subject weather situation

example :

- Today is hot ----- It is hot today

- Yesterday was cloudy ----- It was cloudy yesterday

- Summer is of note of rainy ----- It is of note of rainy in summer

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DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Descriptive text : to describe the characteristics of particular prson, thing, or place.

Text Structure :

* Identification : identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be describe.

* Description : gives the information or particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describe parts, qualities, or characteristic.

Grammatical Features :

* Who ?

* What ?

* Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense.

* Epithet : adjective or adjective phrase

* Attributive (the)

* Use of attributive and identifying process

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DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech : refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech). We use quotation marks (“_____________”) and it should be word for word.

example : Rolla said, "I'm hungry !" or "I'm hungry !," Rolla said.

Indirect Speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech. The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past. The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

example : "I'm going to the market", mom said ----- Mom said she was going to the market.

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MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

Modals in the past form

Present : can, will, shall, may.

Past : could, would, shout, might.

1. Could + Verb base

* to offer suggestions or possibilities

   Example: Patrick       : Oh, no! I left my shorts.

                 Spongebob : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.

                 Yessi  : I’m having trouble with Math.

                 Rolla  : Why don’t you ask Novia ? Perhaps she could help you.

* to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

   Example: Icha   : Mom, can you help me to climb the mango tree?

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NARRATIVE TEXT (2)

Snow Maiden

Once upon a time there lived a couple in a village. They had got married for a long time, but so far they did not have a baby yet. Every single minute they prayed to God, begged for a baby, but it never came true.

One day, they went to snow mountain. They made a girl from snow and they dressed her beautifully. When it got dark, they decided to go home and left the snow girl alone. The following morning, someone knocked the door. "Any body home?” she said. The old woman inside opened the door and asked, "Who are you?" The girl said "I'm Snow Maiden, your daughter". The old woman was surprised and happy, "Oh, really? Thanks God! Come in, please!" Since that meeting, they lived happily.

Snow Maiden was beautiful, kind, diligent and helpful. Her parents and all of her friends loved her very much. One day, Snow Maiden played with her friends. They played fire. At first, Snow Maiden just looked at their play. Suddenly, her friends asked her to jump on the fire. Of course she refused it because one thing that made her afraid was the fire. It's because Snow Maiden was made of snow, so she should avoid the fire. But her friends kept on forcing her to jump on. Finally,

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ASKING FOR INFORMATION

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

* Could you tell me...?

* Do you know...?

* Do you happen to know...?

* I'd like to know...

* Could you find out...?

* I'm interested in...

* I'm looking for..

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INVITATION (WRITTEN)

To invite someone :

* I would like you to …

* We would be pleased if you could …

* Would you like to …?

* Shall we …?

* How about …?

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SURPRISE AND DISBELIEFS

To express surprise or disbeliefs :

* What a surprise !

* That's a surprise !

* Really ?

* What ??!

* Are you serious ?

* You must be joking !

* You're kidding !

* Fancy that !

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GRATITUDE, COMPLIMENT, AND CONGRATULATION

Gratitude : an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

Thanking :

* Thank you very much

* Thank you for your help

* I'm really very grateful to you

* You're welcome

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ADVERTISEMENT

Advertising is a communication whose purpose is to inform potential customers about products and services and how to obtain and use them. Many advertisements are also designed to generate increased consumption of those products and services through the creation and reinforcement of brand image and brand loyalty. For these purposes advertisements often contain both factual information and persuasive messages. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including: television, radio, movies, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet and billboards. Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company.

In short, Advertisement is :

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GREETINGS

Greetings is an act of communication in which human beings (as well as other members of the animal kingdom) intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other.

greet other people

1.Good : morning, afternoon, evening, night.

2.Hello  : friend,....( name )

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PRESENT TENSE

Present Tense is simple form which used to express situation going into effect in this time. Like habit, everyday fact or natural phenomenon.

Simple Present tense to express habits, general truth, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emoticons and wishes.

Example:

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PAST TENSE

1.Simple past is used for describing acts that have already been concluded and whose exact time of occurrence is known. Furthermore, simple past is used for retelling successive events. That is why it is commonly used in storytelling.

Simple past is formed for regular verbs by adding –ed to the root of a word. Example: He walked to the store. A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form. Example: He did not walk to the store. Question sentences are started with did as in Did he walk to the store?

The pattern :

(+)Subject + verb II + complement

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PROCEDURE TEXT

Procedure Text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or step. It explains how people perform different process in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tenses, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjuction such as first, second, then, next finally, etc...

Generic Structure of procedure text

1.Goal/aim (or title)

2.Material (not required for all procedural texts)

3.Steps (the actions that must be taken)

example:

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NARRATIVE TEXT

Narrative Text is story. Mostly, narrative are imaginary stories but sometimes narratives can be factual too. Narrative includes fairy stories,fables,mystery,science,fictions,any romance and horror.

Characteristic of Narrative Text

1. Entertain the readers
2. Structure of the text = orientation()- complication()- resolution()
3. Other Generic structure = evaluation and coda 
4. Language features = nouns, adjectives, time conjuction and conjunctions, adverb and adverbial phrases, action verbs, saying verbs
   

Kinds of Narrative Text

• Myth

• Legend

• Fable

• Folklore

EXAMPLE :

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RECOUNT TEXT

Recount text is a text that is used to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

Generic structures of recount text :

Orientation : ( it gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved, where it happened, when it happened)

Events : (a series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence)

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ANNOUNCEMENT

Announcement is something said, written , or printed to make know what was happened or (more often) what will happen.

In writing an announcement keep the following point :

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GIVING INSTRUCTION

Giving instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person
does what we instruct or request.

The example expressions of giving instruction :

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SYMPATHY EXPRESSION

Sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition .By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulness on other peoples condition.

we express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or

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GAINING ATTENTION

GAINING ATTENTION : a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to .

example of GAINING ATTENTION .

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HAPPINESS EXPRESSION

HAPPINESS EXPRESSION is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings.

example with word when you express your happy :

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APPOINTMENT

APPOINTMENT is to tell us or someone that you will definitely do something .

* Making an Appointment

• I’d like to make an appointment with Rolla.
• I want to make an appointment to see …
• I’d like you to come and see
• Can I come and see you?
• I’ll be there

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INVITATION

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something ..

There are 2 types of invitation :

Formal invitation is usually originate from institutes, companies, and a kind of it. Normally, formal invitation is written invitation ..

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